直流无刷电机与直流有刷电机介绍

<p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">直流无刷电机与直流有刷电机，最大的区别在于电机换向机构的不同，从电刷换向机构转变为半导体换向元件，将电刷与整流子置换为变频器电路。由于半导体换向元件没有机械磨损，和因机械磨损而产生的噪声，大大增加了控制的灵活性，便于先进电机控制技术的发展和应用。它们两者的结构如下图所示。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><img src="https://t10.baidu.com/it/app=25&f=JPEG&fm=173&fmt=auto&u=671494098%2C809958387?w=640&h=393&s=5902499E0BD645ED170429EA0300A032" width="640" class="_1g4Ex _1i_Oe" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); width: 700px; border-radius: 13px;"/></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">无刷DC电机与永久磁铁同步（PMSM）电机基本上具有相同的构造，无刷电机是一种采用永久磁铁为转子（旋转）、线圈为定子（固定）的构造，切换线圈电流的流向与电机的旋转相结合的电机。电机通过外部变频器的控制，并于检测出转子旋转位置的位置检测电路，和变频器配套使用。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><img src="https://t10.baidu.com/it/app=25&f=JPEG&fm=173&fmt=auto&u=2015848509%2C221675947?w=639&h=197&s=FFEA9B548CA0591B4EC811EC0300F070" width="639" class="_1g4Ex _1i_Oe" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); width: 700px; border-radius: 13px;"/></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">直流无刷电机控制电路需要定位电机转子的位置，从而精确的控制电机达到高效率、低噪声、迅速响应的效果。位置检测方法主要有下面几种：</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">霍尔传感器检测</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">利用霍尔元件检测由永久磁铁制成的转子的磁场变化来检测转子的位置，这种方法稳定可靠，但精度较低。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">感应电压检测</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">利用转子旋转产生的感应电压的变化来检测转子的位置，这是检测无传感器由电机位置的方法之一，这种方法在电机停止的时候无法检测电机转子的位置。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">电流检测</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">电流检测方法属于软件算法类，需要微处理器具有强大的运算能力。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">无刷电机的结构原理</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">电机是通过磁场同极相斥、异极相吸的作用，进行旋转。利用该作用，改变定子上缠绕线圈电流的流向，就改变了定子的磁场方向，从而驱动转子（附带永久磁铁）进行旋转。电机如果施加电压，则会根据电压的极性进行正转或反转，转速与电压成比例进行变化。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><img src="https://t10.baidu.com/it/app=25&f=JPEG&fm=173&fmt=auto&u=421848213%2C3032641707?w=640&h=283&s=BCE4B91A877979881CC988CF0300C030" width="640" class="_1g4Ex _1i_Oe" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); width: 700px; border-radius: 13px;"/></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">下图是有刷直流电机和无刷直流电机的结构对比，有刷直流电机是带永久磁铁的定子、线圈转子、电刷和整流子构成，利用整流子旋转，改变流向线圈电流的方向，从而改变转子的磁力方向，产生推动了，驱动转子旋转。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><img src="https://t10.baidu.com/it/app=25&f=JPEG&fm=173&fmt=auto&u=3308292603%2C3845578924?w=639&h=236&s=9930049A95F0CD921545ADF0030070B3" width="639" class="_1g4Ex _1i_Oe" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); width: 700px; border-radius: 13px;"/></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">无刷直流电机则是利用变频器控制电流，改变流向线圈电流的方向，从而改变定子的磁力方向，产生推动力，驱动转子旋转。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><img src="https://t11.baidu.com/it/app=25&f=JPEG&fm=173&fmt=auto&u=2739718921%2C1912614555?w=640&h=382&s=6B5062930EE34E8C4635AD4C0300F0A3" width="640" class="_1g4Ex _1i_Oe" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); width: 700px; border-radius: 13px;"/></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">无刷电机除了上面的内转子型，还有很多种类。直流电机结构设计是复杂的机电一体化工程，本篇简单介绍电机的实际结构。上面所用的直流电机，转子是采用永磁体，极数是2的倍数，而如果是三相电机，定子的槽数就是3的倍数。比如，通常空调电机会采用12槽8极的电机，槽口极数越多，电机的磁链就越复杂。电机的极对数越多，运转越平稳。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">无刷电机的驱动原理</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;">一般而言，无刷电机是利用控制电路（微处理器）、微处理器程序、变频器电路、电机、位置传感器配套进行驱动。</span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><span class="bjh-p" style="overflow-y: auto; max-width: 100%;"><span class="bjh-br" style="max-width: 100%; display: block;"></span></span></p><p><img src="https://t12.baidu.com/it/app=25&f=JPEG&fm=173&fmt=auto&u=4224929621%2C378035697?w=640&h=426&s=BDE2CD17518EC0EA02C434660300E070" width="640" class="_1g4Ex _1i_Oe" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); width: 700px; border-radius: 13px;"/></p><p><br/></p>